Οι χορτοφάγοι υποστηρίζουν πως δείχνουν και αισθάνονται καλύτερα από ποτέ – και έχουν πιο καθαρή συνείδηση. Ο Μάρτιν Χίκμαν εξετάζει τους λόγους για μία διατροφή χωρίς κρέας.
Η Γουέντι Χίγκινς νιώθει πολύ ικανοποιημένη, που οι πιο σημαντικές τις αξίες, διακωμωδούνται από τους κωμικούς. Τουλάχιστον τα νούμερα που ασχολούνται με τους χορτοφάγους είναι μία απόδειξη πως είναι τόσο πολλοί ώστε να αποτελούν πια ένα σημαντικό κομμάτι του κοινού. Η σάτιρα με επίκεντρο τη χορτοφαγία δεν πρόκειται να οδηγήσει σε μαζική αποδοχή της. Ωστόσο η κ. Χίγκινς παρηγορείται από το γεγονός πως τουλάχιστον οι άνθρωποι αρχίζουν να μαθαίνουν τι σημαίνει το να είσαι χορτοφάγος.
Όταν η 33χρονη ακτιβίστρια για τα δικαιώματα των ζώων υιοθέτησε την πιο ακραία μορφή χορτοφαγίας το 1988, οι πρωτοπόρες τότε ιδέες της δημιουργούσαν μπερδεμένες εντυπώσεις. Είπε : «Όταν ανέφερα στον κόσμο ότι είμαι vegan, με κοιτούσαν σαν να είχα μόλις πει ‘Είμαι από τον πλανήτη Άρη’».
Η εξέλιξη της χορτοφαγίας από μία εκκεντρική επιλογή μέχρι το σήμερα που αποτελεί κάτι ευρέως γνωστό πήρε σχεδόν εξήντα χρόνια. Η πρόοδός της σε μία mainstream επιλογή φαίνεται πως θα είναι πιο γρήγορη.
Υπολογίζεται ότι μόνο στην Αγγλία, υπάρχουν 600.000 vegans, αν και μπορεί να φθάνουν το ένα εκατομμύριο. Ο αριθμός φαίνεται να μεγαλώνει ραγδαία. Έρευνες για τις διατροφικές συνήθειες έδειξαν πως το 1993 υπήρχαν μόλις 100.000 χορτοφάγοι στη χώρα.
Τα ράφια των σούπερ-μάρκετ γεμίζουν σιγά σιγά με προϊόντα που απευθύνονται σε χορτοφάγους και η αγορά για τους vegans φαίνεται να μεγαλώνει κατά 15% κάθε χρόνο. Αν και δεν υπάρχουν συγκεκριμένοι αριθμοί για τους χορτοφάγους, η ερευνητική εταιρία για την αγορά Mintel εκτιμά πως η χορτοφαγική αγορά αυξήθηκε κατά 38% τα τελευταία πέντε χρόνια.
Παρά το γεγονός ότι η χορτοφαγία γίνεται όλο και πιο δημοφιλείς, οι vegans αντιμετωπίζουν αμέτρητες ερωτήσεις για το πώς είναι δυνατόν να αποκλείουν κάθε κατανάλωση ζωϊκών προϊόντων – αρνούνται να φάνε, ανάμεσα σε άλλα προϊόντα, γάλα, τυρί και αυγά.
Στους λόγους για τους οποίους υιοθετούν ένα τέτοιο τρόπο ζωής – ξεκινώντας από τα δικαιώματα των ζώων μέχρι τη δίαιτά τους και το περιβάλλον- προστίθεται ακόμη ένας. Φαίνεται πως η χορτοφαγική δίαιτα είναι καλύτερη από την κρεατοφαγία για να παραμείνει κανείς αδύνατος.
Ερευνητές που μελέτησαν τις διατροφικές συνήθειες 22.000 ανθρώπων τα τελευταία πέντε χρόνια, συμπεριλαμβάνοντας κρεατοφάγους και χορτοφάγους, βρήκαν ότι όλοι έβαλαν κάποια κιλά με το πέρασμα του χρόνου αλλά εκείνοι που έγιναν χορτοφάγοι έβαλαν τα λιγότερα.
«Η αύξηση βάρους ήταν λιγότεροι στους vegans από ότι στους κρεατοφάγους και κάπου στη μέση για τις υπόλοιπες κατηγορίες», είπε το ερευνητικό ινστιτούτο Cancer Research UK που πραγματοποίησε την έρευνα σε συνεργασία με το Πανεπιστήμιο της Οξφόρδης.
Για τους χορτοφάγους, τα ευρήματα απέδειξαν κάτι που υποστήριζαν πάντα ως πραγματικότητα : Ότι μία χορτοφαγική δίαιτα είναι υγιής.
Θα ήταν ακόμη πιο ευχαριστημένοι ωστόσο αν οι επιστήμονες αποδείκνυαν και κάτι που το κοινό φαίνεται να πιστεύει πολύ δύσκολα : ότι η χορτοφαγική κουζίνα μπορεί να είναι και νόστιμη.
Το κίνημα της χορτοφαγίας (veganism) ξεκίνησε από ένα δάσκαλο ξυλοχαρακτικής, τον Donald Watson, το 1944, με πρώτο σκοπό τη βελτίωση της κατάσταση των ζώων.
Ο Watson μεγάλωσε σε μία φάρμα στο Νότιο Yorkshire τη δεκαετία του 1920 και άρχισε να ασχολείται με τα δικαιώματα των ζώων όταν ο θείος τους George έσφαξε ένα από τα γουρούνια που είχαν στο κτήμα. Σε μία συνέντευξη που έδωσε σε ηλικία 92 ετών –τρία χρόνια πριν το θάνατό του- ανέφερε : «Αποφάσισα ότι οι φάρμες έπρεπε να τεθούν υπό αμφισβήτηση – Η ειδυλλιακή σκηνή του αγροκτήματος δεν είναι τίποτα άλλο παρά μία σειρά από θανατικές καταδίκες, όπου οι μέρες ζωής κάθε ζώου τελειώνουν εκεί που παύει να είναι πια χρήσιμο για τους ανθρώπους».
Ο Watson έγινε πρώτα vegetarian και κατόπιν vegan, λέξη την οποία και εφεύρε.
Ο κεντρικός άξονας αυτού του τρόπου ζωής και αυτής της φιλοσοφίας είναι πως η εκμετάλλευση των ζώων από τον άνθρωπο, η εκμετάλλευση όντων με αισθήματα και μυαλό, είναι λάθος.
Οι Vegans δεν τρώνε κρέας ή ψάρι και δεν συμφωνούν με το βασανισμό ζώων στη βιομηχανία γάλακτος, η οποία παράγει γάλα από αγελάδες με πρησμένούς μαστούς, που δεν βλέπουν ποτέ τα μωρά τους, ενώ οι ταύροι σφάζονται είτε για κατανάλωση του κρέατος είτε επειδή δεν είναι χρήσιμοι.
Διαφωνούν με τις συνθήκες στα ορνιθοτροφεία και το γεγονός ότι τα αυγά τρώγονται ενώ θα μπορούσαν να γίνουν πουλάκια.
«Υπάρχει κάτι το φρικτό σε όλες αυτές τις διαδικασίες της βιομηχανίας γάλακτος και αυτών», λέει η Catriona Toms, επικεφαλής του κέντρου πληροφόρησης της ομάδας Vegan Society. «Το 50% των κοτόπουλων που γεννιούνται, σκοτώνται γιατί είναι αρσενικά, άρα άχρηστα. Τα καίνε ζωντανά ή τα σκοτώνουν με αέριο».
Για ένα κίνημα που θεμελιώθηκε σε τέτοια γεγονότα, η χορτοφαγία έχει αρκετούς διάσημους που την υποστηρίζουν – μερικοί με δημόσιο προφίλ πολύ διαφορετικό από την εικόνα του χίππυ που έχουν όλοι στο μυαλό τους.
H δικτυακή εγκυκλοπαίδεια Wikipedia έχει μία λίστα με διάσημους vegans. Ο Woody Harrelson, ηθοποιός, αλλά και οι συνάδελφοί του Joaquin Phoenix και Alicia Silverstone.
Ο τραγουδιστής Bryan Adams αρνείται να καταναλώσει γάλα ή τυρί ή άλλα ζωϊκά προϊόντα όπως και οι k d lang και Moby.
Η Heather Small, η τραγουδίστρια των M People, και ο Benjamin Zephaniah, ο ποιητής, ακολουθούν επίσης την vegan φιλοσοφία.
Ο αθλητής, Καρλ Λιούις, που έχει κερδίσει εννέα Ολυμπιακά χρυσά μετάλλια, είναι επίσης vegan.
H Heather Mills-McCartney, γυναίκα του Paul McCartney, επίσης χορτοφάγους, είναι οι τελευταίοι που προστέθηκαν στη λίστα. Το πρώην μοντέλο ανακοίνωσε την απόφασή της τον περασμένο Αύγουστο, λέγοντας ότι η χορτοφαγία ωφελεί όχι μόνο την υγεία της αλλά και τον πλανήτη.
Πρόσθεσε: Δεν θα μπορούσα ποτέ να επιστρέψω στην κατανάλωση κρεάτος ή ψαριών. Όταν σπάζω ένα αυτό τώρα, σκέφτομαι –και αν αυτό έφερνε στον κόσμο μία ζωή;-
Οι vegans τρώνε ότι και οι κρεατοφάγοι εκτός από – κρέας, πουλερικά, ψάρι, γαλακτοκομικά και μέλι. Δεν φορούν δέρμα, κόκκαλο, ελεφαντόδοντο, φτερά ούτε κάν μαργαριτάρια.
Χρησιμοποιούν κάθε δυνατό συνδυασμό για την αντικατάσταση των ζωϊκών συστατικών στο φαγητό τους.
Ο τομέας της αγοράς που απευθύνεται σε vegans και σε άτομα που για λόγους υγείας δεν μπορούν να καταναλώσουν γαλακτοκομικά συνεχώς και μεγαλώνει.
Οι vegan δίαιτες είναι υγιεινές, σύμφωνα με τους υποστηρικτές αυτής της φιλοσοφίας. Η μόνη «ζωϊκή» βιταμίνη που δεν μπορεί να βρεθεί πουθενά αλλού είναι η Β12 – πολύ σημαντική για το νευρικό σύστημα και για την έλλειψη σιδήρου και την αναιμία. Ωστόσο, οι vegans παίρνουν συμπληρώματα ή μπορούν να πάρουν τη Β12 από τα κορν φλέικς που τρώνε για πρωϊνό.
An ethical diet: The joy of being vegan
Its followers claim they look and feel healthier than ever - and have a clear conscience too. Martin Hickman examines the arguments for taking up a meat-free diet
Wendy Higgins is pleased that her beliefs, her most passionate beliefs, are ridiculed by comedians. At least the gibes about vegans are evidence that vegetarians are now so numerous that they represent a substantial part of the audience.
Making jokes about veganism is hardly likely to result in a mass walkout. But Ms Higgins has taken comfort from knowing that at least people know what it is.
When the 33-year-old animal rights campaigner adopted the more extreme version of vegetarianism in 1988, her new-found beliefs met with perplexed looks. She said: "When I said I was a vegan people would look at me as if I had just said, 'I'm from the planet Mars'."
The transformation of veganism from oddball movement to the fringe of the mainstream has taken 60 years. Its progress to the mainstream is likely to be much quicker.
There are estimated to be at least 600,000 vegans in the UK, although there may be up to one million. The number is certainly growing sharply. Food surveys suggest that there were just 100,000 in 1993.
The shelves of supermarkets are increasingly being stocked with products designed for vegans and the market for vegan food is thought to be growing by up to 15 per cent a year. Although there are no specific figures for veganism, the market research group Mintel estimated the meat-free market to be worth £626m in 2004 - a rise of 38 per cent in five years.
Despite the rise in its popularity, vegans encounter countless questions about why they eschew the consumption of all animal products - unlike vegetarians who just avoid eating animals - and decline to eat, among other things, milk, cheese and eggs.
Their reasons for adopting this lifestyle - from animal welfare to nutrition to environmentalism - increased by one yesterday. It seems that a vegan diet is better than a veggie or carnivorous diet for staying slim.
Researchers who studied the eating habits of 22,000 people over five years, including meat eaters and vegetarians, found they all put on a few kilos but meat eaters who changed to a vegetarian or vegan diet gained the least. "The weight gain was less in the vegans than in the meat-eaters and somewhere in between in the other groups," said Cancer Research UK, which carried out the study with Oxford University.
For vegans, the findings reinforced something which they have long held to be true: that a vegan diet is healthy.
They would have been more pleased if the scientists had proved something the public finds even harder to believe: that vegan food is tasty.
The vegan movement was started by a woodwork teacher, Donald Watson, in 1944 because of a desire to improve animal welfare.
Watson grew up on a farm in South Yorkshire in the 1920s and became concerned for animal welfare when his Uncle George slaughtered one of the farm's pigs. He recalled in an interview aged 92 (three years before his death): "I decided that farms - and uncles - had to be reassessed: the idyllic scene was nothing more than death row, where every creature's days were numbered by the point at which it was no longer of service to human beings."
Watson became a vegetarian and later a vegan, a word he invented.
The central tenet of the lifestyle and philosophy is that human exploitation of animals, as fellow sentient beings, is wrong. Vegans do not eat meat or fish and they also dislike the cruelty of dairy farming, which produces milk from cows with swollen udders who are separated from their new-born calves, of which the males are killed or shipped for veal.
They dislike the conditions of poultry farming and the fact that the eggs eaten could have become chickens themselves.
"There is an awful lot of processes involved in the dairy industry and egg industry that are toe-curlingly awful," says Catriona Toms, the head of information at the Vegan Society. "Fifty per cent of chickens that are hatched are killed [males don't lay eggs]. They mince them alive or gas them."
For a movement grounded in such grim facts, veganism has a surprisingly large number of celebrity followers - some of them with public images far removed from the sandal-wearing stereotype.
Wikipedia, the online encyclopaedia, has a veritable roll-call of celebrity vegans. Woody Harrelson, the actor, is a vegan, as are his fellow Hollywood stars Joaquin Phoenix and Alicia Silverstone.
The singer Bryan Adams refuses to eat milk or cheese or any other animal product, as do k d lang and Moby.
Heather Small, the lead singer of M People, and Benjamin Zephaniah, the poet, follow the vegan philosophy.
The athlete, Carl Lewis, who won nine Olympic gold medals, is a vegan.
The insertion of Uri Geller's name in the vegan list is believed to be a joke by a mischievous contributor.
Heather Mills-McCartney, the wife of Paul McCartney, himself a vegan, is the latest celebrity convert to the cause. The former model announced her conversion last August, saying that vegetarianism not only benefited health but also made a huge difference to the planet.
She added: "I could never go back to eating meat or fish and I'm moving towards being vegan. When I crack an egg now, I think: 'Could that have been a baby?'"
Vegans eat all the foods meat-eaters eat - except meat, poultry, fish, cow's milk, yoghurt, cheese and honey. They also avoid wearing leather, bone, ivory, feathers, and mother of pearl.
All manner of combinations of vegetables and pulses to replace animal-based ingredients in food.
A commercial market has also emerged in free-from foods suitable for vegans and for people who cannot eat dairy products for health reasons. This sub-sector of the food industry is booming.
Holland & Barrett, the health food shop, stocks more than 1,000 ranges of vegetarian foods. Many of them are vegan, such as the Sos Roll and the Porkless Pie.
"They are selling incredibly well," said Lorna Pridmore, the chain's food buyer, who credits part of the success of meat-less whole foods to the TV nutritionist, Gillian McKeith.
"We saw a huge lift in sales last year and generally the food side of the business is growing rapidly. We have so many products that we want to put in but we are running out of space."
One of the biggest producers of vegan fare, Plamil Foods, has seen revenues rise by between 10 and 15 per cent a year. Its 30 products are made at its meat and dairy-free factory in Folkestone, Kent. One of the company's best-selling products is egg-free mayonnaise, made from water, oil and pea protein instead of eggs.
The managing director, Adrian Ling, has noticed a considerable change in perceptions of veganism in his 23 years at the company, which began making soya milk.
"There has been a vast change", he said.
"As veganism has grown, understanding of it has grown. The word vegan is commonplace and the food has become widely available in supermarkets.
"Whereas a long time ago it was perceived as food for sandal-wearers, it's now become more mainstream."
The rising number of vegans has also reached a critical mass.
"Not having dairy when you are eating out is much more easy," explains Catriona Toms, of the Vegan Society, which has 5,000 members.
"People are becoming much more aware of lactose intolerance and places like Starbucks have soya milk, as do all the main coffee chains."
She believes the vegan movement taps into many of the trends which are influencing modern cooking, from the growing interest in animal welfare to awareness of the environment.
Moreover, almost all restaurants have dishes that are, or can easily be made, vegan.
"Indian restaurants don't need to be a problem; Chinese restaurants are the same. In pizza restaurants you have to be a bit vigilant about what they put in the dough. But anywhere that can cater for vegetarians can cater for vegans if they want to."
There are also vegan-friendly restaurants, such as Dandelion & Burdock in Halifax, West Yorkshire and Veggie Vegan and Eat and Two Veg in London.
Vegan diets are healthy, according to followers of the philosophy. The only vitamin from animals that cannot be replicated elsewhere is B12 - important for the nervous system and preventing iron deficiency and anaemia.
Vegans take supplements, but can also find B12 in food fortified with vitamins such as breakfast cereals.
Such is the rise in veganism that people are no longer bemused by its existence, according to Wendy Higgins, a former campaign director for the British Union for the Abolition of Vivisection.
She turned vegetarian aged 10, and vegan aged 16. She explained: "When I was a child we kept lots of animals, including a cat, guinea pigs and hamsters, and it made no sense to me that there were lots of animals that you cared for, and often cared for very deeply, and other animals that are killed and consumed."
When she became a vegan, life was harder but once the adjustment was made, things became surprisingly easy and have become easier all the while.
"I do 99 per cent of my shopping in a supermarket like everyone else, but instead of buying dairy milk I buy soya milk. Even my local corner shops does soya milk.
"If you are shopping for a low-fat diet or a nut-free diet you just get used to what you can buy and it's not a big deal."
She adds: "People ask, 'What do you eat?' and they seem to think I must eat carpet or twigs. But I probably eat 80 per cent of what they eat."
Five famous vegans
Alicia Silverstone
The actress, 29, who had an organic wedding with Christopher Jarecki, was voted the world's sexiest female vegetarian in 2004. She says it is the best thing she has done in her life: "My body just got so healthy and skinny, and my skin became so radiant, that I started looking fabulous anyway." Last year, the actress, who starred in Clueless and Love's Labour's Lost, suggested that she would like to take her vegan lifestyle one step further: "I'd love to raise a family on a farm and grow my own food, and grow my hair down to my ankles and be a kind of punk-rock hippy."
Woody Harrelson
Harrelson, 44, the bartender on Cheers!,has not eaten meat for 15 years. Not only is he vegan, but he also eats a 90 per cent raw diet. At opening night parties, he grazes on vegan canapes and regularly fasts, taking up to a week off from solid food. During one fast he lost 15lb. He has declared dairy to be one of the great evils of the world. "Yeah, milk does a body good - if you are a calf," he says. "It is evil to your body to put something in there that's designed to make an animal go from very small to very big in a short time."
Gwyneth Paltrow
The Oscar-winning actress, 33, lives on a macrobiotic diet of wholegrains, vegetables, beans, seaweed and soya. A lover of new-age treatments, she is married to the Coldplay singer, Chris Martin. Her daughter, Apple, had a vegan first birthday party last year with food and chocolate cheesecake from Moby's café, Teany. "I would rather die than let my kid eat instant soup," she says. She has admitted that people do not see her and her husband as the epitome of rock'n'roll. "There is this perception of us in this country like, 'Oh, they're quite boring, they do yoga and stay home,'" she said.
Benjamin Zephaniah
The poet, whose favourite restaurant is Chawalla's in East Ham, is a " militant vegan" who would not sit on a chair made of leather. When asked what he would eat if he was in a desert with no food in sight except a cow, he said: "I'd find out what the cow was eating and join it." He became vegetarian at the age of 11 and vegan at 13: "I was disgusted by the taste and texture, and the thought of having flesh and blood against my teeth," he said. "Think of the fierce energy concentrated in an acorn! You bury it in the ground, and it explodes into an oak! Bury a sheep, and nothing happens but decay."
Moby
The singer, 40, a "vegan fascist" for nearly two decades, owns Teany, a café in New York, which has spawned a vegan soft drinks company. Moby, born Richard Melville Hall, feasts on vegan focaccia with roasted onions. "When I think of the fact that literally tens of billions of animals are killed nearly every year for human purposes, part of me wants to go out and join the Animal Liberation Front," he has said. He admits that some people are filled with "ridicule" at the idea of veganism. But he says that it is "second nature" to him.
Easy Vegan Chocolate Cake
INGREDIENTS
680g plain flour
450g sugar
100g cocoa
2 teaspoons baking soda
1 teaspoon salt
6 fl oz vegetable oil
2 tablespoons vinegar
2 teaspoons vanilla essence
16 fl oz cold water
DIRECTIONS
Mix the dry ingredients. Add the wet ingredients. Stir until smooth. Bake at 175C (350F) for 30 minutes. Makes two layers of a two-layer 9-inch or 8-inch diameter cake. When cool, cover with frosting. You can adapt any conventional buttercream recipe by substituting vegan margarine for butter and soya milk for cow's milk.
Independent
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